Postos lucram mais por litro de combustível durante a pandemia da COVID-19
Foto: Infomoney.
Na última quarta-feira (15/04), a Petrobras anunciou uma nova redução nos preços dos combustíveis nas refinarias. De acordo com a companhia, os próximos cortes serão de 6% no litro do diesel e de 8% no da gasolina. Dados da ANP, entretanto, revelam que os postos de abastecimento têm aproveitado a situação para aumentar a sua margem de lucro. Entenda:
A queda nos preços das refinarias está, em primeiro lugar, relacionada às mudanças recentes no mercado internacional de petróleo. Desde o final de fevereiro, os mercados têm sido chacoalhoados quer seja pela queda abrupta de demanda – ocacionada pela crise do coronavírus – seja pelo excesso de oferta dos países produtores, em especial Arábia Saudita e Rússia. Isso tem feito com que os preços do Brent e o WTI – os dois principais indicadores das cotações de petróleo mundial – apresentem quedas de mais de 53%.
Evolução dos preços internacionais do barril de petróleo
Fonte: OilPrice. Elaboração Ineep.
A queda nos preços internacionais atingiram duplamente a Petrobras. Em primeiro lugar, porque a empresa é exportadora de petróleo cru e a redução no valor do barril afeta diretamente as suas receitas. Segundo, pelo fato de a Petrobras ter adotado nos últimos anos a política de paridade de preços internacionais, os preços internos dos combustíveis seguem a volatilidade externa, fazendo com que a redução nos preços cheguem até as refinarias.
Isso fez com que a Petrobras diminuísse os preços dos derivados nas refinarias em 48% e do diesel em 35% no acumulado de 2020. Na última quarta feira (15/04), porém, a estatal anunciou mais um corte nos preços – dessa vez, de 6% no litro do diesel e de 8% no da gasolina. Essa foi a 11ª redução no preço da gasolina e o 9º corte no preço do diesel realizados pela estatal só neste ano.
Nas bombas, entretanto, a história é outra. Um levantamento semanal feito pela ANP mostrou que, de janeiro até agora, enquanto o preço da gasolina nas distribuidoras sofria uma redução de 8,2%, nos postos de gasolina a queda tinha sido apenas de 5,7%. Situação semelhante ao que ocorreu com o diesel, que teve desvalorização de 14,3% nas distribuidoras, mas reduziu apenas 9,1% no preço das bombas.
Em contrapartida, os mesmos dados da ANP revelam que a margem de venda dos revendedores subiu no mesmo período – 17,3% na gasolina e 40,1% no diesel – o que indica que embora o preço dos combustíveis estejam caindo em todos os níveis, para o consumidor final, essa redução tem sido constrangida pelo aumento nas margens de lucro dos postos.
Em valores nominais, significa dizer que enquanto na primeira semana de janeiro a margem do revendor foi de R$ 0,44 no litro da gasolina e R$ 0,36 no diesel, na última semana essa margem foi elevada para R$ 0,52, no caso da gasolina e R$ 0,56 no litro do diesel.
Margem de lucro dos revendedores por produto
Fonte: ANP. Elaboração Ineep.
O descompasso entre as quedas de preços na cadeia de combustíveis é uma informação importante para se entender como o parque de refino da Petrobras é importante para a estabilização dos preços internos, mas não é capaz de garantir que essa estabilidade chegue até o consumidor final. Nesse sentido, a falta de instrumentos regulatórios nesse setor abrem espaço para que indivíduos e agentes específicos obtenham vantagens econômicas sobre o restante da população, mesmo em um cenário de crise sanitária global.
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