O novo mandato do biodiesel (B12): potencialidades e desafios
Ineep
O anúncio, no último dia 17/3, da aprovação pelo Conselho Nacional de Política Energética (CNPE) da resolução que elevou de 10% para 12% a mistura de biodiesel ao diesel vendido em território nacional a partir de abril deste ano, gerou distintas reações dos múltiplos atores que fazem parte da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel no Brasil – produtores, importadores e consumidores, além de entidades de trabalhadores.
As problematizações sobre essa decisão, variaram desde posicionamentos contrários, vocalizados majoritariamente por representações de importadores, distribuidores, postos de combustíveis e fabricantes de máquinas e equipamentos, até posicionamentos positivos, vindos, principalmente, de representações de produtores de biocombustíveis (Aprobio, BSBIOS, Abiove, Frente Parlamentar do Biodiesel etc.).
O primeiro grupo, contrário a medida, destacou a necessidade de novos marcos regulatórios, revisão de especificações técnicas do biodiesel, novas rotas tecnológicas, ausências de metas governamentais de descarbonização, problemas em motores, máquinas e equipamentos provocados pelo uso do biodiesel e, até mesmo, reivindicaram abertura do mercado nacional a importação de biodiesel. Por outro lado, aqueles que se posicionaram a favor da medida, destacaram a previsibilidade e segurança jurídica que essa resolução garante ao setor, além de ampliar a atratividade de novos investimentos e, sobretudo, o fato dessa decisão se alinhar as melhores práticas de transição para uma economia de baixo carbono.
» Leia também outros artigos sobre Matriz energética. Clique aqui.
O debate sobre os biocombustíveis no Brasil hoje se desenvolve em um contexto global em que não existem mais dúvidas quanto a necessidade de descarbonização e transição da matriz energética, tampouco quanto a urgência imposta a essa agenda pelas crises climáticas e energética, que impactam diretamente a vida cotidiana das pessoas, o meio ambiente e a economia global. É consenso que os biocombustíveis, o biodiesel incluso, exercerão papel fundamental na descarbonização de setores como transporte e logística, através da produção de soluções de baixo carbono para tecnologias já existentes (veículos leves, caminhões, navios e aeronaves).
O Brasil, pelas características de sua matriz energética e seu pioneirismo na inclusão de biocombustíveis na composição de combustíveis fósseis (caso do etanol), ocupa hoje uma posição estratégica para desenvolvimento do segmento de biocombustíveis e, em especial, do biodiesel.
A despeito dos retrocessos observados nesse segmento nos últimos anos, em virtude da fragilização do Plano Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biocombustíveis (PNPB) e restrições impostas a competitividade dos biocombustíveis no âmbito nacional, há espaço para recuperação e dinamização desse segmento. Primeiro, porque há uma infraestrutura industrial instalada e com ampla capacidade ociosa no segmento de biocombustíveis, que requer investimentos para sua rápida retomada. Segundo, porque há potencial tecnológico para diversificar as rotas tecnológicas e insumos utilizados por essa indústria. E, por fim, porque os biocombustíveis são essenciais para diversificação e descarbonização da matriz energética nacional, além de, no caso brasileiro, contribuir para o desenvolvimento da indústria local, garantia de abastecimento do mercado interno e redução da exposição da economia nacional a volatilidade mundial dos preços de commodities energéticas.
Sim, é verdade que o segmento de biocombustíveis precisa de aprimoramento técnico e que há um potencial impacto, mesmo que pequeno, nos preços do diesel com a elevação do percentual de mistura, que até 2025 deve alcançar 15%. No entanto, esses elementos não devem ser fonte de paralisia dessa indústria.
A Agência Internacional de Energia (IEA) estima que até 2030 haverá uma redução aproximada de 27% nos custos produtivos de biocombustíveis, o que tende a ampliar a competitividade desses em relação aos combustíveis fósseis, hoje os custos produtivos de biocombustíveis são duas ou até três vezes superior ao dos combustíveis fósseis.
O incremento de investimentos em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação (P&DI) são fundamentais para enfrentar esses desafios técnicos e de eficiência e, por isso, devem ser direcionados a todos os elos da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel. Se, por um lado, produtores devem investir na economicidade, eficiência energética e redução de dejetos produzidos pelo biodiesel, por outro lado, a indústria de máquinas e equipamentos, que consome esses insumos, deve acompanhar essa evolução e incorporar a transição energética na sua agenda.
A Petrobras e sua subsidiária PBio (Petrobras Biocombustíveis), que chegou a ser incluída no plano de desinvestimentos da estatal em 2020, também são instrumentos importantes na retomada desse segmento. Com certificação do Selo Combustível Social (SCS) e capacidade produtiva próxima de 580 mil m³ por ano, as três usinas da PBio – Montes Claros (MG), Candeias (BA) e Quixadá (CE), são capazes de processar cinco insumos diferentes (óleo de soja, algodão e palma, gordura animal e óleos residuais) e têm forte potencial de dinamização de arranjos produtivos locais, que incluam a agricultura familiar.
A retomada dos investimentos na Usina de Quixadá, criada em 2008, além do forte impacto na economia local e geração de emprego e renda na região, impulsionaria a retomada de atividades de cooperativas locais mobilizadas, no passado, para produção de biocombustíveis a partir de mamona e girassol no semiárido, além de operar como vetor de resgate do acúmulo técnico dos quadros da PBio no Ceará e fomentar inciativas integradas ao biorefino da Petrobras.
Enfim, a recente resolução do CNPE de aumento do mandato do biodiesel para B12, em 2023, e B15 até 2025 é uma medida que restaura, parcialmente, as diretrizes do PNPB, anuncia condições normativas e práticas para retomada do processo de ampliação da participação do biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira e reforça que, assim como observado em outros países, o poder público terá papel central na formulação, coordenação e indução do desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel.
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