Nigéria e o petróleo offshore
Foto: O Petróleo.
As atividades petrolíferas em campos onshore no Delta do Níger na Nigéria têm sido alvo constante de grupos locais que cobiçam parte da riqueza gerada, promovendo ataques e sabotagens às infraestruturas de produção e transporte do óleo com o objetivo de roubar uma parte do que é produzido. Isso é parte do contexto de conflito iniciado nos anos 1990 nesta região, que envolve tensões entre governo, grupos locais e grandes petrolíferas justamente em função da distribuição das receitas do petróleo e também em razão dos impactos ambientais. Esse cenário, ao mesmo tempo, implicou na redução da oferta de petróleo no país e ampliou o interesse dessas corporações produtoras de petróleo em investir em projetos offshore na costa nigeriana.
A Nigéria é a maior produtora de petróleo da África e a 12º no ranking mundial. Segundo dados da Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo (Opep), no ano de 2018, a produção foi de 1,6 milhões de barris por dia, sendo que o país conta com total de reservas provadas de 36,9 bilhões de barris. Historicamente, a maior parte da produção de petróleo na Nigéria se deu em plataformas onshore, principalmente no Delta do Níger. Mais recentemente, concomitantemente ao cenário acima relatado, no início dos anos 2000, a descoberta de petróleo offshore em águas profundas e ultraprofundas tem atraído atenção e ganhado maior espaço no setor petrolífero do país: atualmente cerca de 50% da produção de petróleo nigeriana é oriunda de campos em alto mar.
A história do petróleo na Nigéria remonta à época em que o país ainda era colônia. A exploração teve início nos anos 1930, mas a descoberta de petróleo nigeriano economicamente ocorreu somente nos anos 1950. Em 1956, a Shell D’Archy (agora SPDC, Shell da Nigéria) descobriu petróleo bruto e, em meados de 1958, o produto estava disponível em quantidades comerciais através da distribuição da SPDC para outras multinacionais petrolíferas, incluindo Mobil (agora ExxonMobil), Gulf (agora Chevron), Agip, Safrap (agora Elf), Texaco e outras. Em 1964, já se produzia 120 mil barris por dia, mas que foi prejudicada durante a guerra civil, a Guerra do Biafra, que durou entre 1967 e 1970. Já nos anos 1970, cinco campos na região do Delta do Níger começaram a extrair petróleo aumentando rapidamente a produção que, em 1973, em contexto de crise mundial diante do choque do petróleo, já superava 2 milhões de barris por dia.
Antes de 1971, o setor petrolífero nigeriano era muito favorável à entrada de grandes empresas do ramo, em função da Lei do Petróleo da época que previa que somente 35% dos ganhos seriam destinados ao governo. Esse quadro mudou, em parte, após a independência em 1960, com processo de nacionalização da indústria, e a entrada da Nigéria na OPEP, em 1971, fazendo com que os benefícios e vantagens das grandes empresas estrangeiras fossem reduzidos. Em 1977, foi criada a Nigeria National Petroleum Corporarion (NNPC), empresa estatal que é hoje responsável pela regulamentação e controle da produção, exportação, concessão de blocos petrolíferos a outras empresas e estabelecimento de parcerias com as grandes multinacionais na forma de joint-ventures ou production-sharing, enquanto que com empresas menores, na forma de contratos de risco.
A NNPC hoje é responsável por parte significativa da produção nigeriana de petróleo, em torno de 60%, sendo grande parte (mais de 90%) desta produzida em joint-ventures entre empresas transnacionais e a NNPC, na qual esta é a acionista majoritária. Todas as grandes petrolíferas do mundo, como Shell, Chevron-Texaco, ExxonMobil e Total, possuem áreas de produção ou exploração na Nigéria. A Nigéria também se destaca por ter uma grande quantidade de pequenas e médias empresas nacionais atuando no setor. Contudo, o setor mais rentável atualmente é o de exploração em águas ultraprofundas, que requer altas capacidades tecnológicas.
Desde 1993, o segmento offshore surgiu como uma nova fronteira de exploração de recursos petrolíferos com a descoberta de campos em alto mar, compensando o declínio da produção em campos onshore e de águas rasas. O campo de Bonga, operado pela Shell, entrou em operação em 2005 e foi o primeiro projeto na Nigéria com profundidade superior a mil metros. Nos anos seguintes, o início da operação do campo de Erha em 2006 pela ExxonMobil, do campo de Agbami em 2008 pela Chevron, do campo de Akpo em 2009 pela Total e do campo de Usan em 2012 também pela Total contribuíram para a Nigéria alcançar uma produção de mais de 1 milhão de barris por dia de petróleo em campos offshore de águas profundas, sendo que em 2014 a produção total, onshore e offshore na Nigéria, chegou a 2,6 milhões de barris por dia.
Ainda, o campo de Egina, operado pela Total, com parceria da NNPC, Sapetro, Petrobras e CNOOC e com início de produção em 2018, tem ampliado a quantidade de produção total, com potencial de produção de 200 mil barris por dia. Há ainda outros campos marítimos descobertos que ainda não tiveram a produção iniciada, como o campo de Bonga South West-Aparo (BSWA), em posse da Shell e da NNPC, visto como um grande impulso para o setor na Nigéria e com potencial para produzir também aproximadamente 200 mil barris por dia.
Em todos esses campos, estão firmados contratos de compartilhamento de produção entre a NNPC e as petrolíferas internacionais. Tendo em vista esse quadro, o país continua figurando como o maior produtor de petróleo da África e tem sido acompanhado de perto pelos olhares de outros países interessados nos recursos estratégicos localizados na sua costa, denotando mais uma evidência de que as potencialidades do Atlântico Sul assumem maior visibilidade mundial nos anos 2000.
Fontes:
EMPRESA DE PESQUISA ENERGÉTICA. Boletim de conjuntura da indústria do petróleo. Número 03, 2/2017 – http://epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-226/topico-336/Boletim%20de%20Conjuntura%20da%20Ind%C3%BAstria%20do%20Petr%C3%B3leo_2sem2017.pdf
ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION. Nigeria Analysis – Executive Sumary. 2019 – https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=NGA
MONIÉ, Frédéric. Petróleo, desenvolvimento e dinâmicas espaciais na África subsaariana In: MONIÉ, Frédéric, BINSZTOK, Jacob (Org.). Geografia e geopolítica do petróleo. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad X, 2012, p.201-236.
NNPC – Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. – www.nnpcgroup.com
OLIVEIRA, Lucas Kerr de. Energia como Recurso de Poder na Política Internacional: geopolítica, estratégia e o papel do Centro de Decisão Energética. 2012. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2012. Acesso em: http://www.funag.gov.br/ipri/btd/index.php/10-dissertacoes/1670-petroleo-e-seguranca-internacional-aspectos-globais-e-regionais-das-disputas-por-petroleo-na-africa-subsaariana
OPEC. Member Countries – Nigeria. – https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm
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