Descomissionamento de campos de petróleo e gás natural avança no Brasil
Brasil Energia
O descomissionamento de campos de petróleo e gás tem ganhado destaque no Brasil nos últimos anos. Com mais de R$ 40 bilhões de investimentos previstos até 2026, essa atividade é contratualmente obrigatória para as empresas responsáveis pela exploração, desenvolvimento e produção de óleo e gás natural, sendo parte do ciclo de vida dos campos. No entanto, o país ainda precisa progredir nessa agenda, do ponto de vista das práticas adotadas e regulação, e a Petrobras será um ator fundamental nesse processo.
Apesar da importância do descomissionamento para o setor de E&P, ainda há lacunas no conhecimento dos principais aspectos envolvidos na operação, como, por exemplo, quando e o porquê de ser executado e quais são os principais órgãos reguladores responsáveis por essa atividade. A falta de informação pode representar um grande desafio para a remoção de instalações de exploração e produção de combustíveis fósseis no país, diante do aquecimento do mercado nacional nos próximos anos. É importante, portanto, que haja mais debates e esclarecimentos sobre o descomissionamento, para garantir que a atividade seja realizada de forma segura e sustentável.
O descomissionamento de instalações de exploração de petróleo e gás é o processo pelo qual as plataformas, poços e outros equipamentos offshore (localizados no mar) ou onshore (em terra) são retirados de operação e suas estruturas são desmanteladas e removidas ou abandonadas de forma segura e ambientalmente responsável. Esse processo inclui a desativação de equipamentos e sistemas de produção, o isolamento de poços, a limpeza e descontaminação do local, a remoção ou desmantelamento de estruturas e equipamentos e a restauração do ambiente marinho ou terrestre afetado pela atividade de exploração. Na cadeia produtiva de óleo e gás natural, o descomissionamento está posicionado como a última etapa a ser executada pela operadora, após 20 a 30 anos, em média, da exploração do campo, quando as operações já atingem o fim de sua vida útil.
A principal reguladora da atividade no Brasil é a Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) que, a fim de conduzir a atividade de forma segura e com baixo impacto ambiental, contou com o Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) e com a Marinha do Brasil, responsável pelos acordos no âmbito naval, para elaborar a Resolução ANP 817/2020. A medida estabelece o Regulamento Técnico de Descomissionamento de Instalações de Exploração e de Produção necessário à sua execução, além de exigir a submissão do Programa de Descomissionamento de Instalações (PDI) à ANP para antever as premissas estabelecidas para execução da atividade.
Atualmente, a agência já registra 101 processos com PDI em andamento, sendo que 2 deles não possuem identificação de sua origem. Entre os demais, 44 processos se referem a plataformas offshore (23 na Bacia de Campos), enquanto os outros 55 processos são do onshore, com 17 processos da Bacia do Espírito Santo. No total, 81 processos já foram aprovados, evidenciando a necessidade de investimentos significativos por parte das operadoras para a execução do descomissionamento nos próximos anos. Segundo a ANP, no período entre 2023 e 2026, haverá a movimentação de até R$ 45,49 bilhões dos investimentos brasileiros com o intuito de descomissionar 9.757 poços em todo o território nacional.
O que ainda não está claro é se a interrupção da produção e a consequente remoção das instalações no país estão sendo realizadas apenas em cumprimento a obrigações contratuais ou se as empresas operadoras que atuam no país já esgotaram as oportunidades de maximização da produção e estão enfrentando a exaustão da rentabilidade dos campos produtores. Há indícios de que, em alguns casos, o contrato com a operadora é encerrado ainda com uma quantidade remanescente de óleo nos reservatórios.
Além disso, “a vida” após o descomissionamento das instalações nacionais ainda é desconhecida. Dentre algumas potencialidades possíveis, muito se tem discutido sobre como a atividade pode contribuir significativamente para a promoção de práticas mais sustentáveis no país, não só por meio de uma gestão mais eficiente de resíduos, mas também ao impulsionar a implementação de iniciativas voltadas para a captura, uso e armazenamento de carbono (CCUS). Essa possibilidade é diretamente relacionada às ações ambientais capazes de acelerar a transição energética no Brasil.
Frente a incertezas e lacunas regulatórias, alguns passos ainda precisam ser dados, tais como: definição mais clara de papéis e responsabilidades dos envolvidos na atividade; normas técnicas claras no âmbito da remoção de equipamentos e instalações, gerenciamento de resíduos, restauração de áreas afetadas e monitoramento ambiental; melhora da capacidade regulatória dos órgãos, principalmente para monitorar e fiscalizar o descomissionamento; diálogo social, uma vez que a prática pode afetar comunidades locais e o meio ambiente; fortalecimento da cadeia de fornecedores, garantindo a disponibilidade de suprimentos, capacidade técnica e financeira; e, por fim, incremento dos investimentos em P&D com objetivo de ampliar a segurança operacional dessas atividades.
Diante desse cenário, a Petrobras, enquanto uma das maiores operadoras brasileiras do setor, deveria se posicionar de forma mais ativa frente ao tema. Existe um movimento de formação de parcerias com outras empresas do setor de E&P para qualificar suas práticas no descomissionamento, mas não está claro qual o papel que a estatal vem desempenhando nessas relações: se é uma troca de melhores práticas, se há o interesse de terceirizar as atividades de remoção de instalações ou se o objetivo é dividir custos. A companhia ainda não pode ser considerada uma referência nesse segmento e o atual cenário reforça a importância de um maior protagonismo da estatal em setores igualmente relevantes para a indústria de óleo e gás, além da exploração e produção.
Artigo originalmente publicado em Brasil Energia.
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