A trajetória chinesa no mundo do petróleo se mantém
Foto: Semana News.
Nas últimas semanas, a redução do consumo de petróleo pela China ganhou destaque nos noticiários em todo mundo. A queda é relacionada ao recente surto de coronavírus no país, que provocou uma diminuição da atividade econômica e do consumo de combustíveis, afetando consideravelmente o mercado mundial de petróleo. Contudo, embora não se possa dizer quando as circunstâncias dessa conjuntura vão encontrar seu fim, a indicação é de que não haverá mudança na trajetória recente do país, segundo maior consumidor de petróleo do mundo. A China não possui em seu território reservas de petróleo capazes de abastecer o mercado interno e garantir seu rápido ritmo de crescimento, que já a colocou como segunda maior economia do mundo.
Atualmente, o consumo de óleo por parte da China responde por 14% da demanda mundial de petróleo. No período entre 1990 e 2018, de acordo com dados da BP, a demanda do país aumentou em 488%. Entre outros motivos, uma grande reforma da indústria petrolífera chinesa ao longo do governo de Jiang Zemin (1993-2003), que concedeu às suas três principais empresas estatais poder de ação no exterior, facilitou o seu avanço. Assim, para evitar o risco de o país se tornar energeticamente vulnerável, uma das medidas do governo chinês tem sido a de diversificar seus investimentos ao redor do mundo. A estratégia é pautada na premissa de que “quanto mais fontes estáveis de petróleo, melhor”.
Nesse sentido, destaca-se a presença crescente de estatais chinesas em diversos lugares do mundo, investindo em empreendimentos estrangeiros, especialmente em projetos offshore. O Brasil tem sido um dos focos desses investimentos. A China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (Sinopec) detém 25% do campo de Sapinhoá, um dos mais produtivos do pré-sal brasileiro. A China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) já está presente nos campos de Mero (10%), Alto de Cabo Frio Oeste (20%) e Pau Brasil (30%); e a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) é sócia da Petrobras nos campos de Peroba (20%) e Mero (10%).
No leilão de excedente da cessão onerosa do pré-sal, em novembro de 2019, chamou a atenção a participação da CNOOC e da China Southern Petroleum Exploration and Development Corporation (CNODC), que, juntas, ficaram com 10% das reservas do campo de Búzios, na bacia de Santos. No leilão seguinte, um dia depois, a situação se repetiu quando a CNODC abocanhou 20% do bloco de Aram, também na Bacia de Santos, concretizando seus interesses na 6ª rodada de partilha do pré-sal. Em ambos os casos, os chineses foram os únicos a apresentar ofertas para os campos brasileiros, que não contaram com propostas de outras empresas estrangeiras.
Os investimentos chineses no Brasil integram uma estratégia de médio e longo prazo, visando expandir e diversificar sua rede de abastecimento de petróleo e gás pelo mundo e, consequentemente, reduzir sua vulnerabilidade energética. Assim, embora a demanda chinesa por petróleo esteja de fato em declínio nessas últimas semanas e empresas chinesas estejam sendo afetadas pelas restrições da conjuntura, assim como esta tem impactado inquestionavelmente o mercado mundial de petróleo, o trajeto recentemente traçado pelas petrolíferas estatais chinesas indica a expansão do país no mundo petróleo e nos principais domínios petrolíferos continuará ocorrendo. Diante disso, vale destacar, por exemplo, que, no final do ano passado, o país importou um volume diário sem precedentes no mercado mundial de 11,18 milhões de barris em novembro de 2019, superando o volume máximo anterior, que foi de 10,77 milhões de barris comprados pelos Estados Unidos em junho de 2005.
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